The Effectiveness of an Educational Virtual Reality Video onRelieving Patient Anxiety Prior to Cardiac Catheterization
Main Article Content
Keywords
Virtual Reality, Anxiety, Cardiac Catheterization, Coronary Angiography
Abstract
Objectives: Cardiac Catheterization which is commonly known as Coronary angiography (CAG) serves as a vital diagnostic tool for coronary artery disease (CAD) identification. Patients undergoing this procedure often encounter pre-CAG anxiety, which can adversely impact the overall treatment process. The utilization of virtual reality (VR) technology presents a novel educational approach to alleviate pre-catheterization anxiety among patients, showcasing promising potential. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of an educational virtual reality video in reducing anxiety levels among patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 108 CAG patients were divided into two groups. The experimental group viewed an educational VR video via immersive headsets, while the control group watched the same content in the most common 2-Dimentional flat format using a tablet. Anxiety levels were measured using the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) before and after the intervention. Results: Post-intervention, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in mean anxiety levels from 49.91 ± 6.72 to 38.94 ± 8.92, with a notable difference compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The implementation of an educational virtual reality video was found to significantly lower anxiety levels in patients undergoing CAG. These findings highlight the potential of virtual reality training as a non-pharmacological intervention to effectively mitigate anxiety among CAG patients.
References
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2. Leporini C, De Sarro G, Russo E. Adherence to therapy and adverse drug reactions: Is there a link? Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13(SUPPL. 1):41–55. PMID: 25171158
3. Zurita-Cruz JN, Manuel-Apolinar L, Arellano-Flores ML, Gutierrez-Gonzalez A, Najera-Ahumada AG, Cisneros-González N. Health and quality of life outcomes impairment of quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes; 2018;16(1). PMID: 29764429
4. Iljaz R, Brodnik A, Zrimec T, Cukjati I. E-Healthcare For Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients - A Randomised Controlled Trial In Slovenia. Zdr Varst. 2017;
5. Fitria N, Husnia K, Ananta FT, Sari YO. The effect of pillbox use in increasing patients ’ adherence to type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy in Lubuk Kilangan health center. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2023;21(4):1–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2023.4.2904
6. Febriyanti AP, Tahar N, Badriani B, Dhuha NS, Wahyudin M, Khaerani K, Leboe DW. A Comparative Study to Enhance Medication Adherence: Pillbox vs Medication Reminder Chart. Proc Int Pharm Ulul Albab Conf Semin. 2021;1:26.
7. Ernawati I, Lubada EI, Lusiyani R, Prasetya RA. Association of adherence measured by self-reported pill count with achieved blood pressure level in hypertension patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin Hypertens. 2022 Apr;28(1):12. PMID: 35422008
8. Seuring T, Marthoenis, Rhode S, Rogge L, Rau H, Besançon S, Zufry H, Sofyan H, Vollmer S. Using peer education to improve diabetes management and outcomes in a low-income setting: a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2019 Sep;20(1):548. PMID:31477164
9. Fitria N, Sari YO, Putry AR, Putrizeti F, Sukma A. Future challenge on probiotics uses from fermented milk on the endocrine disorder in human. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 888(1)012047 DOI 101088/1755-1315/888/1/012047. IOP Publishing Ltd;2021 Nov 15;888(1):1–7.
10. Fitria N, van Asselt ADIADI, Postma MJMJMJ. Cost-effectiveness of controlling gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Eur J Heal Econ. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2019;20(3):407–417. PMID: 30229375
11. International Diabetes Federation. International Diabetic Federation Diabetic Atlas 10th edition. International Diabetes Federation (IDF). 2021.
12. Sari YO, Fitria N, Mariza W, Lailiani R, Permatasari D. Application of Home Medication Review ( HMR ) on Patient Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ( T2DM ) Blood Sugar Management. 2022;160–167.
13. Schwartz JK. Pillbox use, satisfaction, and effectiveness among persons with chronic health conditions. Assist Technol. United States; 2017;29(4):181–187. PMID: 27689861
14. Bolarinwa OA. Sample size estimation for health and social science researchers: The principles and considerations for different study designs. Niger Postgrad Med J. Nigeria; 2020;27(2):67–75. PMID: 32295935
15. Fitria N, Febiana D, Akram M, Yosmar R. Aspirin-clopidogrel combination therapy for ischemic stroke patients : Clinical efficacy and. Narra J. 2024;4(2):1–10.
16. Bartlett Ellis RJ, Ganci A, Head KJ, Ofner S. Characteristics of Adults Managing Vitamins/Supplements and Prescribed Medications-Who Is Using, Not Using, and Abandoning Use of Pillboxes?: A Descriptive Study. Clin Nurse Spec. United States; 2018;32(5):231–239. PMID: 30095522
17. Mehdinia A, Loripoor M, Dehghan M, Heidari S. The Effect of Pillbox Use on Medication Adherence Among Elderly Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int Electron J Med. 2020;9(1):38–43.
18. Graetz I, Hu X, Kocak M, Krukowski RA, Anderson JN, Waters T, Curry A, Paladino AJ, Stepanski E, Vidal GA, Schwartzberg LS. A randomized controlled trial of a mobile app and tailored messages to improve outcomes among women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(16_suppl):512–512.
19. Hudani ZK, Rojas-Fernandez CH. A scoping review on medication adherence in older patients with cognitive impairment or dementia. Res Social Adm Pharm. United States; 2016;12(6):815–829. PMID: 26797263
20. Miguel-Cruz A, Felipe Bohórquez A, Aya Parra PA. What does the literature say about using electronic pillboxes for older adults? A systematic literature review. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. England; 2019 Nov;14(8):776–787. PMID: 30451543
21. Choi EPH. A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Acceptability of Using a Smart Pillbox to Enhance Medication Adherence Among Primary Care Patients. Int Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Oct;16(20). PMID: 31627440
22. Gast A, Mathes T. Medication adherence influencing factors-an (updated) overview of systematic reviews. Syst Rev. England; 2019 May;8(1):112. PMID: 31077247
23. Jankowska-Polańska B, Karniej P, Polański J, Seń M, Świątoniowska-Lonc N, Grochans E. Diabetes Mellitus Versus Hypertension— Does Disease Affect Pharmacological Adherence? Front Pharmacol. 2020;11(August):1–9.
24. Said AH, Rahim ISA, Zaini NNBM, Nizam NIBS. Factors Affecting Adherence to Lipid-lowering Drugs: A Scoping Review. Oman Med J. 2023;38(4).
25. Fitria N, Sari YO, Ananta FT, Husnia K. Adherence Assessment on Hypertension Therapy Using The Pill Count Method in Lubuk Kilangan Health Center , Indonesia. J Sains Farm Klin. 2023;69–75.
26. Raparelli V, Proietti M, Romiti GF, Lenzi A, Basili S. The Sex-Specific Detrimental Effect of Diabetes and Gender-Related Factors on Pre-admission Medication Adherence Among Patients Hospitalized for Ischemic Heart Disease: Insights From EVA Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). Switzerland; 2019;10:107. PMID: 30858826
27. Rattanapiratanon A, Kongsomboon K, Hanprasertpong T. Efficacy of a 28-compartment pillbox for improving iron supplement
compliance in healthy pregnant women: a randomised controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol J Inst Obstet Gynaecol. England; 2021 Nov;41(8):1210–1215. PMID: 33645407
28. Andanalusia M, Nita Y, Athiyah U. The effect of pillbox use and education by pharmacist toward medication adherence in diabetes mellitus patients in a Primary Health Care Center in Mataram. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. Germany; 2021 Jun;32(4):577–582. PMID: 34214347
29. Fitria N, Idrus L, Putri AR, Sari YO. The usability testing of the integrated electronic healthcare services for diabetes mellitus patients during the pandemic in Indonesia. Digit Heal. United States; 2023;9:20552076231173228. PMID: 37152237
30. Fitria N, Wulansari S, Sari YO. Potential Interactions Analysis of Antihypertensive Drugs Used in Geriatric. Int J Appl Pharm. 2023;15(Special Issue 1):29–33.
31. Arifin B, Idrus LR, van Asselt ADI, Purba FD, Perwitasari DA, Thobari JA, Cao Q, Krabbe PFM, Postma MJ. Health-related quality of life in Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients measured with the Bahasa version of EQ-5D. Qual Life Res. Springer International Publishing; 2019;28(5):1179–1190. PMID: 30649698
32. Choudhry NK, Isaac T, Lauffenburger JC, Gopalakrishnan C, Lee M, Vachon A, Iliadis TL, Hollands W, Elman S, Kraft JM, Naseem S, Doheny S, Lee J, Barberio J, Patel L, Khan NF, Gagne JJ, Jackevicius CA, Fischer MA, Solomon DH, Sequist TD. Effect of a Remotely Delivered Tailored Multicomponent Approach to Enhance Medication Taking for Patients With Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, and Diabetes: The STIC2IT Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. United States; 2018 Sep;178(9):1182–1189. PMID: 30083727
33. Alikari V, Tsironi M, Matziou V, Tzavella F, Stathoulis J, Babatsikou F, Fradelos E, Zyga S. The impact of education on knowledge, adherence and quality of life among patients on haemodialysis. Qual life Res an Int J Qual life Asp Treat care Rehabil. Netherlands; 2019 Jan;28(1):73–83. PMID: 30178430
34. Tan JP, Cheng KKF, Siah RCJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of education on medication adherence for patients with hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes. J Adv Nurs. England; 2019 Nov;75(11):2478–2494. PMID:30993749
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Oct 8, 2025
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The Effectiveness of an Educational Virtual Reality Video onRelieving Patient Anxiety Prior to Cardiac Catheterization. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2025 Oct. 8 [cited 2025 Oct. 22];23(3):1-8. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/3135
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How to Cite
1.
The Effectiveness of an Educational Virtual Reality Video onRelieving Patient Anxiety Prior to Cardiac Catheterization. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2025 Oct. 8 [cited 2025 Oct. 22];23(3):1-8. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/3135