Pharmaceutical interventions: A solution to stop smoking
Main Article Content
Keywords
Nicotine gum, Nicotine patch, Nicotine replacement therapies, Smoker attitude, Smoking behavior
Abstract
Background: Smoking has become a worldwide problem and the more problematic is when the youth of any country is highly involved in consuming tobacco that is dangerous for the human being. The Indian youth is involved in smoking-like activities that are dangerous for them. Objectives: To analyze the role of new treatment ways including nicotine gum, nicotine patch, and nicotine replacement therapy backed by pharmaceutical interventions to eliminate smoking from Indian society. Method: The hypotheses of this study are formed on the basis of previous studies and the identification of gap in practices. This study is based on the cross-sectional data that was collected with the help of a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale from the Indian pharma industry people. The sample size for this study was 340 with a response rate of 50%. Results: In this study, 179 valid questionnaires were collected back from the respondents, and according to the results, nicotine gum, nicotine patch, and nicotine replacement therapies have a significant (p<0.05) effect on smoker attitudes. Conclusion: This study concludes that pharmaceutical interventions are critical to stopping the smoking habit in Indian society, and this contribution is providing a solution to stop smoking by affecting the smoker’s attitude and smoking behavior.
References
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19. Boateng J, Okeke O. Evaluation of clay-functionalized wafers and films for nicotine replacement therapy via buccal mucosa. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(3):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030104
20. King WC, White GE, Belle SH, et al. Changes in smoking behavior before and after gastric bypass: a 7-year study. Annals ofSurgery. 2022;275(1):131-139. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003828
21. Park S, Kim J. Relationships of Smoking Media Literacy with Smoking Behavior, Attitudes, and Susceptibility among Adolescents in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Health Communication. 2022;26(12):809-817. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.2 015643
22. Hung B-L, Chen L-J, Chen Y-Y, et al. Nicotine supplementation enhances simulated game performance of archery athletes.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2021;18(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00413-9
23. Ohi K, Takai K, Kuramitsu A, et al. Common Brain Cortical Abnormality in Smoking Behavior and Bipolar Disorder: Discriminant Analysis Using Cortical Thickness and Surface Area. Cerebral Cortex. 2022;bhab490. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab490
24. Borger TN, Puleo GE, Rivera Rivera JN, et al. A descriptive study of cervical cancer survivors’ persistent smoking behavior and perceived barriers to quitting. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2022;36(1):109. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000692
25. Budin CE, Maierean AD, Bordea IR, et al. Multivariate Analysis of the Predicted Probability of Smoking Behavior of Foster Care Minors: Results of a Study from Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(3):1173.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031173
26. Bar-Zeev Y, Shauly-Aharonov M, Neumark Y, et al. Changes in Smoking Behavior, Stress, and Sleep Duration among Israeli Hospital Workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2022;ntac014.https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac014
27. Haghighi H, Alizadh M, Naghibi F, et al. A comparative study of religious attitudes and coping strategies among male smoker
and non-smoker students in Hormozghan University. Life Science Journal. 2012;9(2S):36-39.
28. Blondé J, Desrichard O, Falomir-Pichastor JM, et al. Cohabitation with a smoker and efficacy of cessation programmes: the mediating role of the theory of planned behaviour. Psychology and Health. 2022;1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2022.2041638
29. Sakka S, Al-Shatanawi TN, Bataineh DZ, et al. Knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived barriers towards smoking cessation services among community pharmacists. Pharmacy Practice. 2022;20(1):2637-2637. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2022.1.2637
30. Kazemitabar M, Garcia D. Translation and psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges for assessment of craving to smoke among university students. PeerJ. 2021;9:e12531. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12531
31. Damiri BR Thabaleh AA, Salah A, et al. Maternal tobacco smoking among pregnant Palestinian women: risk for women and newborns. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2021;3(2):140-155. https://doi.org/10.54127/oxbp6251
32. Wong KK-K. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin.2013;24(1):1-32.
33. Ramayah T, Cheah J, Chuah F, et al. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: Kuala Lumpur: Pearson. 2018.
34. Ringle C, Da Silva D, Bido D. Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Brazilian Journal of Marketing. 2015;13(2).
35. Hameed WU, Basheer MF, Iqbal J, et al. Determinants of Firm’s open innovation performance and the role of R & D department: an empirical evidence from Malaysian SME’s. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research. 2018;8(1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-018-0112-836. Hameed WU, Nisar QA, Wu H-C. Relationships between external knowledge, internal innovation, firms’ open innovation
performance, service innovation and business performance in the Pakistani hotel industry. International Journal of HospitalityManagement. 2021;92:102745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102745
2. Digard H, Proctor C, Kulasekaran A, et al. Determination of nicotine absorption from multiple tobacco products and nicotine gum. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2012;15(1):255-261. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts123
3. Maclaskey D, Buchholz M, Hodges K, et al. Case Report: Delirium Associated with Excessive Consumption of Nicotine Gum. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2022;42(3):327-329. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001537
4. Scherer G, Mütze J, Pluym N, et al. Assessment of nicotine delivery and uptake in users of various tobacco/nicotine products.Current Research in Toxicology. 2022;3:100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100067 5. Hanewinkel R, Niederberger K, Pedersen A, et al. E-cigarettes and nicotine abstinence: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. European Respiratory Review. 2022;31(163):210215. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0215-2021
6. Bednarczuk N, Williams EE, Dassios T, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes in pregnancy and infant respiratory outcomes. Early Human Development. 2022;164:105509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105509
7. Poulsen J, Nielsen KA, Bauer-Brandl A. Raman Imaging as a powerful tool to elucidate chemical processes in a matrix: Medicated chewing gums with nicotine. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2022;209:114519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpba.2021.114519
8. Azzopardi D, Liu C, Murphy J. Chemical characterization of tobacco-free “modern” oral nicotine pouches and their position on the toxicant and risk continuums. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2021;1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2021.1925691
9. Taylor L, Claire R, Campbell K, et al. Fetal safety of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy: systematic review and metaanalysis.Addiction. 2021;116(2):239-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15185
10. Fernandes TP, Oliveira ME, Silva GM, et al. Improvement in visual performance after nicotine gum administration in tobacco use disorder: a case report. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2022;1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2021.2020045
11. Blanc J, Tosello B, Ekblad MO, et al. Nicotine Replacement Therapy during Pregnancy and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(8):4004. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084004
12. Luk TT, Lam TH, Leung WC, et al. Brief advice, nicotine replacement therapy sampling, and active referral for expectant fathers who smoke cigarettes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2021;181(8):1081-1089. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2757
13. Lindson N, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019;4(4):CD013308. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013308
14. Hajek P, Phillips-Waller A, Przulj D, et al. A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(7):629-637. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1808779
15. Bar‐Zeev Y, Lim LL, Bonevski B, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation during pregnancy. Medical Journal of Australia. 2018;208(1):46-51. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00446
16. Carpenter MJ, Wahlquist AE, Dahne J, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy sampling for smoking cessation within primary care: results from a pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Addiction. 2020;115(7):1358-1367. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14953
17. Li J, Hajek P, Pesola F, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of e‐cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy in stop smoking services in England (TEC study): a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2020;115(3):507-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14829
18. Schlam TR, Cook JW, Baker TB, et al. Can we increase smokers’ adherence to nicotine replacement therapy and does this help them quit? Psychopharmacology. 2018;235(7):2065-2075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4903-y
19. Boateng J, Okeke O. Evaluation of clay-functionalized wafers and films for nicotine replacement therapy via buccal mucosa. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(3):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030104
20. King WC, White GE, Belle SH, et al. Changes in smoking behavior before and after gastric bypass: a 7-year study. Annals ofSurgery. 2022;275(1):131-139. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003828
21. Park S, Kim J. Relationships of Smoking Media Literacy with Smoking Behavior, Attitudes, and Susceptibility among Adolescents in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Health Communication. 2022;26(12):809-817. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.2 015643
22. Hung B-L, Chen L-J, Chen Y-Y, et al. Nicotine supplementation enhances simulated game performance of archery athletes.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2021;18(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00413-9
23. Ohi K, Takai K, Kuramitsu A, et al. Common Brain Cortical Abnormality in Smoking Behavior and Bipolar Disorder: Discriminant Analysis Using Cortical Thickness and Surface Area. Cerebral Cortex. 2022;bhab490. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab490
24. Borger TN, Puleo GE, Rivera Rivera JN, et al. A descriptive study of cervical cancer survivors’ persistent smoking behavior and perceived barriers to quitting. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2022;36(1):109. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000692
25. Budin CE, Maierean AD, Bordea IR, et al. Multivariate Analysis of the Predicted Probability of Smoking Behavior of Foster Care Minors: Results of a Study from Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(3):1173.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031173
26. Bar-Zeev Y, Shauly-Aharonov M, Neumark Y, et al. Changes in Smoking Behavior, Stress, and Sleep Duration among Israeli Hospital Workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2022;ntac014.https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac014
27. Haghighi H, Alizadh M, Naghibi F, et al. A comparative study of religious attitudes and coping strategies among male smoker
and non-smoker students in Hormozghan University. Life Science Journal. 2012;9(2S):36-39.
28. Blondé J, Desrichard O, Falomir-Pichastor JM, et al. Cohabitation with a smoker and efficacy of cessation programmes: the mediating role of the theory of planned behaviour. Psychology and Health. 2022;1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2022.2041638
29. Sakka S, Al-Shatanawi TN, Bataineh DZ, et al. Knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived barriers towards smoking cessation services among community pharmacists. Pharmacy Practice. 2022;20(1):2637-2637. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2022.1.2637
30. Kazemitabar M, Garcia D. Translation and psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges for assessment of craving to smoke among university students. PeerJ. 2021;9:e12531. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12531
31. Damiri BR Thabaleh AA, Salah A, et al. Maternal tobacco smoking among pregnant Palestinian women: risk for women and newborns. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2021;3(2):140-155. https://doi.org/10.54127/oxbp6251
32. Wong KK-K. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin.2013;24(1):1-32.
33. Ramayah T, Cheah J, Chuah F, et al. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: Kuala Lumpur: Pearson. 2018.
34. Ringle C, Da Silva D, Bido D. Structural equation modeling with the SmartPLS. Brazilian Journal of Marketing. 2015;13(2).
35. Hameed WU, Basheer MF, Iqbal J, et al. Determinants of Firm’s open innovation performance and the role of R & D department: an empirical evidence from Malaysian SME’s. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research. 2018;8(1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-018-0112-836. Hameed WU, Nisar QA, Wu H-C. Relationships between external knowledge, internal innovation, firms’ open innovation
performance, service innovation and business performance in the Pakistani hotel industry. International Journal of HospitalityManagement. 2021;92:102745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102745
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Jul 4, 2022
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Pharmaceutical interventions: A solution to stop smoking. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2022 Jul. 4 [cited 2025 Oct. 21];20(2):2663. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2663
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How to Cite
1.
Pharmaceutical interventions: A solution to stop smoking. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2022 Jul. 4 [cited 2025 Oct. 21];20(2):2663. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2663