A brief motivational interview for smoking cessation by Belgiancommunity pharmacists
Main Article Content
Keywords
Smoking cessation, Smoking cessation agents, Tobacco use cessation devices, Community pharmacy service, Patient Education as topic, Motivational Interviewing
Abstract
Background: Community pharmacy-delivered interventions for smoking cessation are effective. The impact of behavioural interventions on short-term health benefits remains unclear. Objective: We aimed to evaluate a community pharmacy-delivered motivational interview for smoking cessation with characterization of the population that can be reached and assessment of the association between the motivation to quit smoking and short-term health benefits. Method: Demographics of smokers approached during a Flemish community pharmacy-delivered encouragement for smoking cessation in the months May-June 2021, their motivation to quit and dispensing records were retrieved from the pharmacy database. The use of pharmacotherapeutic smoking cessation aids and inhalers, cough medicines, antibiotics and oral corticosteroids (proxies for short-term health benefits) was evaluated 90 and 180 days after the interview. Data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test, ꭕ² test and binary logistic regression analysis. Results: Community pharmacists provided a brief motivational interview to a broad population (n=300), including young persons and persons without chronic medication use. Two out of three were motivated to quit (67.7%) and a third (33.0%) purchased a smoking cessation aid on the index date (36.7% after 90 and 39.3% after 180 days). Smokers motivated to quit and purchasing a smoking cessation aid on the index date, had a significantly lower use of cough (OR = 0.37; p = 0.032) and inhaler medication (OR = 0.37; p = 0.009) after 90 days than those not motivated to quit. Effects were less pronounced after 180 days but still statistically significant for lower inhaler use (OR = 0.46; p = 0.031). Conclusion: By implementing a brief pharmaceutical counselling for smoking cessation in Belgian community pharmacies, a broad range of smokers can be reached, motivated to quit and triggered to start smoking cessation aids. A motivation to quit is associated with suggestive short-term health benefits.
References
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29. Thyrian JR, Panagiotakos DB, Polychronopoulos E, West R, Zatonski W, John U. The relationship between smokers’ motivation to quit and intensity of tobacco control at the population level: a comparison of five European countries. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-2
30. Marques-Vidal P, Melich-Cerveira J, Paccaud F, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Cornuz J. Prevalence and factors associated with difficulty and intention to quit smoking in Switzerland. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:227. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-227
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32. Jordan H, Hidajat M, Payne N, Adams J, White M, Ben-Shlomo Y. What are older smokers’ attitudes to quitting and how are they managed in primary care? An analysis of the cross-sectional English Smoking Toolkit Study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e018150. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018150
33. Loumakou M, Brouskeli V, Sarafidou JO. Aiming at Tobacco Harm Reduction: a survey comparing smokers differing in readiness to quit. Harm Reduction Journal. 2006;3:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-3-13
34. Vangeli E, Stapleton J, Smit ES, Borland R, West R. Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: a systematic review. Addiction. 2011;106:2110-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03565.x
35. Jimenez-Ruiz CA, Andreas S, Lewis KE, Tonnesen P, van Schayck CP, Hajek P, et al. Statement on smoking cessation in COPD and other pulmonary diseases and in smokers with comorbidities who find it difficult to quit. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:61-79. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00092614
36. van Eerd EA, van Rossem CR, Spigt MG, Wesseling G, van Schayck OC, Kotz D. Do we need tailored smoking cessation interventions for smokers with COPD? A comparative study of smokers with and without COPD regarding factors associated
with tobacco smoking. Respiration. 2015;90:211-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000398816 37. Tominz R, Vegliach A, Poropat C, Zamboni V, Bovenzi M. [Smoking cessation with the help of community pharmacists].Epidemiol Prev. 2010;34:73-9.
38. Condinho M, Ramalhinho I, Sinogas C. Smoking Cessation at the Community Pharmacy: Determinants of Success from a Real-Life Practice. Pharmacy. 2021;9:143. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy903014339. McCambridge J, Strang J. Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and
related risk among young people. Addiction. 2005;100:470-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01013.x
40. Lindson-Hawley N, Thompson TP, Begh R. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015:CD006936. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006936.pub3
41. Bani-Yaghoub M, Elhomani A, Catley D. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing, health education and brief advice in a population of smokers who are not ready to quit. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0511-0
42. Lindson N, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Fanshawe TR, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4:CD013308. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013308.pub2
43. Jiang C, Chen Q, Xie M. Smoking increases the risk of infectious diseases: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18:60. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/123845
44. Cecere LM, Williams EC, Sun H, Bryson CL, Clark BJ, Bradley KA, et al. Smoking cessation and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia. Respir Med. 2012;106:1055-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.03.018
45. Ito JT, Ramos D, Lima FF, Rodrigues FM, Gomes PR, Moreira GL, et al. Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Subjects With COPD After Smoking Cessation. Respir Care. 2015;60:399-405. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.03266
46. Sakka S, Al-Shatanawi TN, Bataineh DZ, Haddad W, Al Tamimi S, Al Salamat H, et al. Knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived barriers towards smoking cessation services among community pharmacists. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2022;20:2637. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2022.1.2637
47. Maris B, Nys P. Communication on smoking in community pharmacy. Results of a survey in Belgium. J Pharm Belg. 2016:12-22.
48. Aquilino ML, Farris KB, Zillich AJ, Lowe JB. Smoking-cessation services in Iowa community pharmacies. Pharmacotherapy.2003;23:666-73. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.23.5.666.32192
49. Laliberté MC, Perreault S, Damestoy N, Lalonde L. Ideal and actual involvement of community pharmacists in health promotion and prevention: a cross-sectional study in Quebec, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:192. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-192
2. Macacu A, Autier P, Boniol M, Boyle P. Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;154:213-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-015-3628-4
3. Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence. Lung Cancer.2004;45(2):s3-s9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.07.998
4. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2022 Report - Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Available from: https://goldcopd.org/ [cited 7 November 2022]
5. GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1345-422.
6. Luo J, Tang X, Li F, Wen H, Wang L, Ge S, et al. Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Different Pathologic Types of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol. 2021;12:772373. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.772373
7. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2014. Chapter 12, Smoking-Attributable Morbidity, Mortality and Economic costs; p. 647-80.
8. Lahousse L, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA, Brusselle GG. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease: A comprehensive review. Respir Med. 2015;109:1371-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2015.07.014
9. Warner DO, Borah BJ, Moriarty J, Schroeder DR, Shi Y, Shah ND. Smoking status and health care costs in the perioperative period: a population-based study. JAMA Surg. 2014;149:259-66. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2013.5009
10. Sicras-Mainar A, Rejas-Gutiérrez J, Navarro-Artieda R, Ibánez-Nolla J. Effect of smoking status on healthcare costs and resource utilization in patients with type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice: a retrospective nested case-control economic study. Eur Addict Res. 2014;20:94-104. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355171
11. Moriarty JP, Branda ME, Olsen KD, Shah ND, Borah BJ, Wagie AE, et al. The effects of incremental costs of smoking and obesity on health care costs among adults: a 7-year longitudinal study. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54:286-91. https://doi. org/10.1097/jom.0b013e318246f1f4
12. Fishman PA, Thompson EE, Merikle E, Curry SJ. Changes in health care costs before and after smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8:393-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200600670314
13. Trapero-Bertran M, Leidl R, Muñoz C, Kulchaitanaroaj P, Coyle K, Präger M, et al. Estimates of costs for modelling return on investment from smoking cessation interventions. Addiction. 2018;113:32-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14091
14. Gisle L, Demarest S, Drieskens S. Gezondheidsenquête 2018: Gebruik van tabak. Sciensano. 2019.
15. Sciensano. Factsheets: Tobacco control policies are needed to change smoking trends, Health Status Report. Available from: https://www.belgiqueenbonnesante.be/fr/etat-de-sante/factsheets/tobacco-control-policies-are-needed-to-changesmoking-trends [cited 25 August 2023]
16. Lancaster T, Stead LF. Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3:CD001292. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd001292.pub2
17. Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013:CD009329. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd009329.pub2
18. Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T. Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD008286. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd008286.pub3
19. Hartmann-Boyce J, Livingstone-Banks J, Ordonez-Mena JM, Fanshawe TR, Lindson N, Freeman SC, et al. Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;1:CD013229. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013229.pub2
20. Carson-Chahhoud KV, Livingstone-Banks J, Sharrad KJ, Kopsaftis Z, Brinn MP, To ANR, et al. Community pharmacy personnel interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019:CD003698. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. cd003698.pub3
21. Hilts KE, Corelli RL, Prokhorov AV, Zbikowski SM, Zillich AJ, Hudmon KS. Implementing Brief Tobacco Cessation Interventions in Community Pharmacies: An Application of Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations Theory. Pharmacy. 2022;10:56. https://doi. org/10.3390/pharmacy10030056
22. Saba M, Diep J, Saini B, Dhippayom T. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in community pharmacy. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2014;39:240-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12131
23. Brown TJ, Todd A, O’Malley C, Moore HJ, Husband AK, Bambra C, et al. Community pharmacy-delivered interventions for public health priorities: a systematic review of interventions for alcohol reduction, smoking cessation and weight management, including meta-analysis for smoking cessation. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e009828. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009828
24. Sohlberg T, Bergmark KH. Lifestyle and Long-Term Smoking Cessation. Tob Use Insights. 2020;13:. doi: 10.1177/1179173x20963062. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173x20963062
25. Association of Pharmacists Belgium (APB): Wie zijn we - Volksgezondheid - De apotheek - Aantal apotheken. Available from: https://www.apb.be/nl/corp/volksgezondheid/De-apotheek/Aantal-apotheken/Pages/default.aspx [cited 25 August 2023]
26. Thomson B, Emberson J, Lacey B, Lewington S, Peto R, Jemal A, et al. Association Between Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Mortality by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex Among US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2231480. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2022.31480
27. GFK. Rookgedrag in België - 2015. Een rapport voor Stichting tegen Kanker. 2015. Available from: https://www.kanker.be/sites/default/files/sk12264_stichting_tegen_kanker_-_rookgedrag_2015_-_nl_final.pdf . [cited 5 October 2022]
28. Van der Heyden J, Charafeddine R. Gezondheidsenquête 2018 - Rapport Levensstijl en Chronische Ziekten Sciencano. 2019.
29. Thyrian JR, Panagiotakos DB, Polychronopoulos E, West R, Zatonski W, John U. The relationship between smokers’ motivation to quit and intensity of tobacco control at the population level: a comparison of five European countries. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-2
30. Marques-Vidal P, Melich-Cerveira J, Paccaud F, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Cornuz J. Prevalence and factors associated with difficulty and intention to quit smoking in Switzerland. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:227. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-227
31. Clark MA, Rakowski W, Kviz FJ, Hogan JW. Age and stage of readiness for smoking cessation. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 1997;52:S212-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/52b.4.s212
32. Jordan H, Hidajat M, Payne N, Adams J, White M, Ben-Shlomo Y. What are older smokers’ attitudes to quitting and how are they managed in primary care? An analysis of the cross-sectional English Smoking Toolkit Study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e018150. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018150
33. Loumakou M, Brouskeli V, Sarafidou JO. Aiming at Tobacco Harm Reduction: a survey comparing smokers differing in readiness to quit. Harm Reduction Journal. 2006;3:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-3-13
34. Vangeli E, Stapleton J, Smit ES, Borland R, West R. Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: a systematic review. Addiction. 2011;106:2110-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03565.x
35. Jimenez-Ruiz CA, Andreas S, Lewis KE, Tonnesen P, van Schayck CP, Hajek P, et al. Statement on smoking cessation in COPD and other pulmonary diseases and in smokers with comorbidities who find it difficult to quit. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:61-79. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00092614
36. van Eerd EA, van Rossem CR, Spigt MG, Wesseling G, van Schayck OC, Kotz D. Do we need tailored smoking cessation interventions for smokers with COPD? A comparative study of smokers with and without COPD regarding factors associated
with tobacco smoking. Respiration. 2015;90:211-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000398816 37. Tominz R, Vegliach A, Poropat C, Zamboni V, Bovenzi M. [Smoking cessation with the help of community pharmacists].Epidemiol Prev. 2010;34:73-9.
38. Condinho M, Ramalhinho I, Sinogas C. Smoking Cessation at the Community Pharmacy: Determinants of Success from a Real-Life Practice. Pharmacy. 2021;9:143. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy903014339. McCambridge J, Strang J. Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and
related risk among young people. Addiction. 2005;100:470-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01013.x
40. Lindson-Hawley N, Thompson TP, Begh R. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015:CD006936. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006936.pub3
41. Bani-Yaghoub M, Elhomani A, Catley D. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing, health education and brief advice in a population of smokers who are not ready to quit. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0511-0
42. Lindson N, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Fanshawe TR, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4:CD013308. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd013308.pub2
43. Jiang C, Chen Q, Xie M. Smoking increases the risk of infectious diseases: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18:60. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/123845
44. Cecere LM, Williams EC, Sun H, Bryson CL, Clark BJ, Bradley KA, et al. Smoking cessation and the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia. Respir Med. 2012;106:1055-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.03.018
45. Ito JT, Ramos D, Lima FF, Rodrigues FM, Gomes PR, Moreira GL, et al. Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Subjects With COPD After Smoking Cessation. Respir Care. 2015;60:399-405. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.03266
46. Sakka S, Al-Shatanawi TN, Bataineh DZ, Haddad W, Al Tamimi S, Al Salamat H, et al. Knowledge, attitude, practice and perceived barriers towards smoking cessation services among community pharmacists. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2022;20:2637. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2022.1.2637
47. Maris B, Nys P. Communication on smoking in community pharmacy. Results of a survey in Belgium. J Pharm Belg. 2016:12-22.
48. Aquilino ML, Farris KB, Zillich AJ, Lowe JB. Smoking-cessation services in Iowa community pharmacies. Pharmacotherapy.2003;23:666-73. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.23.5.666.32192
49. Laliberté MC, Perreault S, Damestoy N, Lalonde L. Ideal and actual involvement of community pharmacists in health promotion and prevention: a cross-sectional study in Quebec, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:192. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-192
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A brief motivational interview for smoking cessation by Belgiancommunity pharmacists. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2024 Aug. 24 [cited 2024 Oct. 7];22(3). Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2976
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How to Cite
1.
A brief motivational interview for smoking cessation by Belgiancommunity pharmacists. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2024 Aug. 24 [cited 2024 Oct. 7];22(3). Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2976