Clinical interventions of community pharmacies for diarrhea management: Evidences from developing countries
Main Article Content
Keywords
developing countries, community pharmacies, diarrhea management, systematic review
Abstract
Diarrhea is a significant health concern in developing countries, particularly among children under the age of five. Community pharmacies (CPs) play a vital role in managing diarrhea by providing guidance and referrals. This study, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, aimed to assess the impact of CPs on diarrhea management. The research involved comprehensive database searches, with a specific focus on studies conducted in resource-limited settings. The analysis highlighted the active involvement of community pharmacists in collecting patient information and offering counseling, showcasing their commitment to delivering comprehensive care. While CPs hold a significant position in diarrhea management and extend beyond medication dispensing, the study identified crucial gaps. Notably, the absence of standardized protocols for diarrhea management led to inconsistent practices among pharmacists. Furthermore, economic assessments pertaining to CPs intervention were notably lacking. The study underscores the urgent need for further research to evaluate both the clinical and economic outcomes of CPs involvement in diarrhea management. Additionally, the establishment of standardized protocols is emphasized to ensure consistent and impactful care delivery within the community pharmacy setting. In conclusion, CPs hold immense potential in addressing diarrhea in developing countries, but the study underscores the necessity of systematic approaches to fully harness their benefits and optimize care delivery.
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3. Fischer Walker CL, Perin J, Aryee M, et al. Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:220. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-220
4. Jennifer Bryce CB-P, Shibuya K, et al. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet. 2005;365(9465):1147-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71877-8
5. LA-Murray CJ. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020. Lancet. 1997;349:1498-504. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2
6. World Health Organization DoCHaD. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Geneva. World Health Organization; 1997.
7. Victora CGBJ, Fontaine O. Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy. Bull World Health Organization. 2000;78:1246-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2560623/
8. Melton BL, Lai Z. Review of community pharmacy services: what is being performed, and where are the opportunities for improvement? Integr Pharm Res Pract. 2017;6:79-89. https://doi.org/10.2147/iprp.s107612
9. George PP, Molina JA, Cheah J, et al. The evolving role of the community pharmacist in chronic disease management - a literature review. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2010;39(11):861-7.
10. Davies JE, Barber N, Taylor D. What do community pharmacists do? Results from a work sampling study in London. Int J Pharm Pract. 2014;22(5):309-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12083
11. International Pharmaceutical Federation, World Health Organization. Joint FIP/WHO guidelines on good pharmacy practice: standards for quality of pharmacy services. 2010. https://www.fp.org/fles/fp/WHO/ GPP%2520guidelines%2520FIP%2520publication_fnal.pdf .Accessed 08 April 2023
12. . International Pharmaceutical Federation. Good pharmacy practice in developing countries: recommendations for step-wise implementation.1998. https://www.fp.org/fles/fp/Statements/GPP%20recommendations.pdf. Accessed 09 Jul 2020.
13. World Health Organization. The Role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication : report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, The Hague, The Netherlands, 26-28 August 1998.1998.
14. Abegaz TM, Belachew SA, Abebe TB, et al. Management of children’s acute diarrhea by community pharmacies in five towns of Ethiopia: simulated client case study. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016;12: 515-526. https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s98474
15. Vaseghi G, Eshraghi A, Eslami N, et al. Management of acute diarrhea: a study on community pharmacists’ attitudes in Iran. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2015;10:155-160. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887110666150416104745
16. Carlson AA, Rose TN, Gelinas A. The rundown: management of acute and chronic diarrhea. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ d729/e543e225985ca1c4f14e4 83bfd2fe050b437.pdf. Up-dated 2016
17. Abbaher SA, Elnima EI. Role of community pharmacists in treatment of childhood diarrhea. Sudan J Rational Use Med. 2013;5:10-11
18. Madden JM, Quick JD, Ross-Degnan D, et al. Undercover careseekers: simulated clients in the study of health provider behavior in developing countries. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45:1465-1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00076-2
19. Abegaz TM, Belachew SA, Abebe TB, et al. Self-reported and actual involvement of community pharmacy professionals in the management of childhood diarrhea: A cross-sectional and simulated patient study at two towns of eastern Ethiopia. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016; 12: 515-526. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179556519855380
20. Wondimsigegn D, Woldegerima B, Taddese AA. History taking and response to an adult diarrheal case among community drug retail outlets in Gondar town, north-west Ethiopia: a simulated-client survey. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021 1;14(1): 1-16. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s40545-021-00310-1
21. Ali ME, Alqahtani SS, Syed NK, et al. Self-reported and the actual involvement of community pharmacy professionals in the management of acute childhood diarrhea in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia: Simulated patient visits and survey study. Saudi Pharm J. 2022;30(10):1497-1506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2022.07.012
22. Saengcharoen W, Lerkiatbundit S. Practice and attitudes regarding the management of childhood diarrhoea among pharmacies in Thailand. Int J Pharm Pract. 2010;18(6):323-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.2010.00066.x
23. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta- analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine. 2009;6:e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
24. Moher D. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:264-269.
25. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or nonrandomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358: 4008. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4008
26. FIP. Standards for Quality of Pharmacy Services. The Hague, the Netherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation; 1993.
27. FIP. Good Pharmacy Practice in Developing Countries: Recommendations for Stepwise Implementation. The Hague, the Netherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation; 1998.
28. WHO. The Role of the Pharmacist in the Health Care System. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1988.
29. WHO. Good Pharmacy Practice: Guidelines in Community and Hospital Settings. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1996
30. The United Nations (UN). World Economic Situation and Prospects 2019. United Nations, New York; 2019:164-171. https:// www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2019_BOOK-web.pdf. eISBN: 978-92-1- 047611-9
31. Crowe M, Sheppard L, Campbell A. Comparison of the effects of using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool versus informal appraisal in assessing health research: a randomised trial. Int J Evid Based Health. 2011;9:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1744-1609.2011.00237.x
32. Barron PM, Ephraim G, Hira M, et al. Dispensing habits of Johannesburg pharmacists in treating acute infantile diarrhea. S AfrMed J. 1989;76:487-489
33. Berih AA, Mclntyre L, Lynk AD. Pharmacy dispensing practices for Sudanese children with diarrhoea. Public Health. 1989;103:455-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3506(89)80056-3
34. Igun UA. Reported and actual prescription of oral rehydration therapy for childhood diarrhoeas by retail pharmacists in Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 1994;39:797-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90041-8
35. Gutiirrez ADM, Liendo AMA, Vladivia DC. Attitudes of Bolivian pharmacists in dealing with diarrhea cases. Bull PAHO. 1995;29:322-327.
36. Karim P, Ramadhin P, Boodoo JR, et al. Community pharmacists’ knowledge and dispensing recommendations for treatment of acute diarrhoea in Trinidad. West Indies. Int J Clin Pract. 2004;58:264-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.0095.x
37. Abahussain E, Matowe LK, Nicholls PJ. Self-reported medication use among adolescents in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract. 2005;14:161-164. https://doi.org/10.1159/000084633
38. Fuentes Albarrán K, Villa ZL. Analysis and quantification of self-medication patterns of customers in community pharmacies in southern Chile. Pharm World Sci [Internet]. 2008;30:863-868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-008-9241-4
39. Al-RR. Patterns and attitudes of self-medication practices and possible role of community pharmacists in Palestine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;51:562-567. https://doi.org/10.5414/cp201814
40. Mohamad SS, Mahmoud AA, Ali AA. The role of Sudanese community pharmacists in patients’ self-care. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36:412-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-013-9911-8
41. Chui WK, Li SC. Advice-giving on self-medication: perspectives of community pharmacists and consumers in Singapore. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2005;30:225-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2005.00637.x
42. Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Al-Qazaz H, et al. Self-medication practices among adult population attending community pharmacies in Malaysia: an exploratory study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33:794-799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-011-9539-5
43. Shehnaz SI, Khan N, Sreedharan J, et al. Self-medication and related health complaints among expatriate high school students in the United Arab Emirates. Pharm Pract. 2013;11:211-218. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1886-36552013000400006
44. da Rocha CE, Bispo ML, dos Santos AC, et al. Assessment of community pharmacists’ counseling practices with simulated patients who have minor illness: a pilot study. Simul Healthcare. 2015;10:227-238. https://doi.org/10.1097/sih.0000000000000100
45. Mesquita AR, Oliveira Sa DAB, Lima Santos APA, et al. Assessment of pharmacist’s recommendation of non-prescription medicines in Brazil: a simulated patient study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013;35:647-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-013-9787-7
46. Elhoseeny TA, Ibrahema SZ, Abo el Ela AM. Opinion of community pharmacists on use of nonprescription medications in Alexandria,Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2013;88:79-84. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.epx.0000430954.20897.2d
47. Ogbo PU, Aina BA, Aderemi-Williams RI. Management of acute diarrhea in children by community pharmacists in Lagos, Nigeria. Pharm Pract. 2014;12:376. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1886-36552014000100002
48. Diwan V, Sabde YD, Byström E, et al. Treatment of pediatric diarrhea: a simulated client study at private pharmacies of Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. J Infect Dev Countries. 2015;9:505-511. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5694
49. Foroughinia F, Zarei P. Evaluation of knowledge, attitude, and practice of community pharmacists toward administration of over-the-counter drugs for the treatment of diarrhea in children: a pretest-posttest survey. J Res Pharm Pract. 2016;5:200-204. https://doi.org/10.4103/2279-042x.185735
50. Saramunee K, Ploylearmsang C, Chaiyasong S, et al. Unit cost of common illness management: a comparison between a primary care unit and a community pharmacy in Thailand. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2017;18:376-385. https://doi.org/10.1017/ s1463423617000172
51. Ibrahim MI, Palaian S, Al-Sulaiti F, et al. Evaluating community pharmacy practice in Qatar using simulated patient method: acute gastroenteritis management. Pharm Pract. 2016;14:800. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2016.04.800
52. Ibrahim IR, Palaian S, Ibrahim MI. Assessment of diarrhea treatment and counselling in community pharmacies in Baghdad, Iraq: a simulated patient study. Pharm Pract. 2018;16:1313. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2018.04.1313
53. Ayele AA, Mekuria AB, Tegegn HG, et al. Management of minor ailments in a community pharmacy setting: Findings from simulated visits and qualitative study in Gondar town, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0190583. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0190583
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May 31, 2024
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Clinical interventions of community pharmacies for diarrhea management: Evidences from developing countries. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2024 May 31 [cited 2024 Oct. 7];22(2):1-12. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2962
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How to Cite
1.
Clinical interventions of community pharmacies for diarrhea management: Evidences from developing countries. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2024 May 31 [cited 2024 Oct. 7];22(2):1-12. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2962