Evaluation of The Rational Drug Use (RDU) Literacy Among Undergraduate Students
Main Article Content
Keywords
Rational drug use (RDU), literacy, undergraduate students
Abstract
Background: Irrational drug usage is a global concern. WHO recommended a strategy for integrating education and awareness on the rational use of medicine into general education programs. Objective: To evaluate the rational drug use (RDU) literacy among the undergraduate students of Ubon Ratchathani University. Methods: This mixed-methods research consists of a quantitative cross-sectional study with a self-administered RDU literacy questionnaire and a qualitative in-depth interview study. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used in the quantitative study. Thematic analysis was used in the qualitative study. Results: Students who participated in this study included 640 undergraduate students. Approximately half of the participants never studied a RDU-related course (50.94%). Although the findings revealed that most of the participants (73.13%) had good RDU literacy, many participants had less frequency of the right options on some questions (e.g., advertisement of health products). Health sciences students were 2.8 times more likely than non-health sciences students to have good RDU literacy (AOR=2.835, 95% CI: 1.752-4.587). Four main themes were derived from the qualitative study: 1. Definition of RDU; 2. Facilitators; 3. Concerns; 4. RDU country. Conclusion: While the majority of participants demonstrated good RDU literacy, some actually engaged in irrational drug use. Activities promoting RDU literacy among undergraduate students, particularly in faculties other than health sciences, are still required.
References
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https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1246951/retrieve
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23. DeJonckheere M, Vaughn LM. Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health. 2019;7(2):e000057. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057
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25. Chauhan I, Yasir M, Kumari M, et al. The pursuit of rational drug use: understanding factors and interventions. Pharmaspire. 2018;10(2):48-54.
26. Desselle SP, Clubbs BH, Darbishire P. Communication in pharmacy higher education to improve work-life and mitigate burnout. Am J Pharm Educ. 2022;86(2):ajpe8616. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8616
27. Nozmi N, Samsudin S, Sukeri S, et al. Low levels of knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices on leptospirosis among a rural community in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(4):693. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph15040693
28. Aheto JMK, Udofia EA, Kallson E, et al. Prevalence, socio-demographic and environmental determinants of asthma in 4621 Ghanaian adults: Evidence from Wave 2 of the World Health Organization’s study on global AGEing and adult health. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0243642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243642
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30. Rababah JA, Al-Hammouri MM, Drew BL,et al. Health literacy: exploring disparities among college students. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1401. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7781-2
31. Kühn L, Bachert P, Hildebrand C, et al. Health literacy among university students: A systematic review of cross-sectional studies. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.680999
32. Nygård T, Hirvonen N, Räisänen S,et al. Health Education Teachers’ Contributions to Students’ Multiliteracy Learning. Literacy Research and Instruction. 2022; 61(4):402-21.
33. Nutbeam D. The evolving concept of health literacy. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(12):2072-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2008.09.050
34. Budhathoki SS, Pokharel PK, Jha N, et al. Health literacy of future healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional study among health sciences students in Nepal. International Health. 2018;11(1):15-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihy090
35. Ngoh LN. Health literacy: A barrier to pharmacist–patient communication and medication adherence. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2009;49(5):e132-e49. https://doi.org/10.1331/japha.2009.07075
36. Smith C, Goss HR, Issartel J, et al. Health literacy in schools? A systematic review of health-related interventions aimed at disadvantaged adolescents. Children (Basel). 2021;8(3):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8030176
37. Health Administration Devision MoPH. Rational drug use community: RDU community 2020 [cited 2022 3 April]. Available from: https://r8way.moph.go.th/r8wayadmin/page/uploads_file/20201130055026.pdf
38. Hahnel C, Eichmann B, Goldhammer F. Evaluation of online information in university students: development and scaling of the screening instrument EVON. Front Psychol. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562128
39. Rowley J, Johnson F, Sbaffi L. Students’ trust judgements in online health information seeking. Health Informatics J. 2015;21(4):316-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458214546772
40. Moore TJ, Mouslim MC, Blunt JL, et al. Assessment of availability, clinical testing, and US Food and Drug Administration review of biosimilar biologic products. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(1):52-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3997
41. Republic of the Phillippines DoH, Food and Drug Administration,. FDA Advisory No.2020-1142-A || Lifting the Advisory of the following Registered Food Products “Public Health Warning Against the Purchase and Consumption of the Unregistered Food Products” 2022 [cited 2022 16 March]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov.ph/fda-advisory-no-2021-1142-a-lifting-the- advisory-of-the-following-registered-food-products-public-health-warning-against-the-purchase-and-consumption-of-the- unregistered-food-products/
42. Bajait C, Pimpalkhute S, Sontakke S, et al. Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of rational use of medicines among clinicians in a tertiary care teaching hospital. International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Disease abbreviation. 2014;4(3):153-7.
43. Chaudhari VL, Mali SN, Dawari AV, et al. Awareness about rational use of medicines among fresh Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery graduates. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_59_17
44. Cisco J. A Case Study of University Honors Students in Humanities Through a Disciplinary Literacy Lens. Literacy Research and Instruction. 2016;55(1):1-23.
45. Yin C, He X, Shen K, et al. Knowledge and behavior in rational drug use among college students in Zunyi city. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2022;15:121-31. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s347822
46. Turner K, Suwannapong K, Putthikhan P, et al. Evaluation of the integrated model of the rational drug use into the Bachelor of Nursing Science program in Thailand: A mixed-methods study. Belitung Nursing Journal. 2021;7(6):485-92. https://doi. org/10.33546/bnj.1762
47. Pumtong S, Suwannaprom P, Suttajit S, et al. Irrational antibiotic use and distribution in the Thai community: a complex situation in need of integrative solution. Journal of Health Science. 2020;29(Special Issue):S72-S81.
48. Donsamak S, Weiss MC, John DN. Evaluation of antibiotic supply decisions by community pharmacists in Thailand: A vignette study. Antibiotics. 2021;10(2):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020154
49. Wisell K, Sporrong SK. The Raison D’être for the community pharmacy and the community pharmacist in Sweden: A qualitative interview study. Pharmacy (Basel). 2015;4(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4010003
50. Närhi U. Sources of medicine information and their reliability evaluated by medicine users. Pharm World Sci. 2007;29(6):688- 94.
51. Malik M, Tahir MJ, Jabbar R, et al. Self-medication during Covid-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities. Drugs Ther Perspect. 2020;36(12):565-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00785-z
52. Yang Y. Use of herbal drugs to treat COVID-19 should be with caution. Lancet. 2020;395(10238):1689-90. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31143-0
53. Erku DA, Belachew SA, Abrha S, et al. When fear and misinformation go viral: Pharmacists’ role in deterring medication misinformation during the ‘infodemic’ surrounding COVID-19. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021;17(1):1954-63. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.032
54. Santos P, Sá L, Couto L, et al. Sources of information in health education: A cross-sectional study in Portuguese university students. Australasian Medical Journal. 2018;11.
55. Nunes C, Almeida CVd, Belim C. Health Literacy in Younger Age Groups: Health Care Perceptions: Informed People Will Be More Prepared People. Open Access Library Journal. 2020;7:1-14.
56. World Health Organization. Promoting rational use of medicines 2022 [cited 2022 March 16]. Available from: https://www. who.int/activities/promoting-rational-use-of-medicines
57. Rasool BKA, Fahmy SA, Abu-Gharbieh EF,et al. Professional practices and perception towards rational use of medicines according to WHO methodology in United Arab Emirates. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2010;8(1):70-6. https://doi.org/10.4321/ s1886-36552010000100009
58. Devraj R, Gupchup GV. Knowledge of and barriers to health literacy in Illinois. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2012;52(6):e183-e93. https://doi.org/10.1331/japha.2012.12011
59. Choi SK, Bauermeister J. A Latent Profile Analysis of Online Dating Patterns Among Single Young Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(4):1279-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03485-5
2. Dessie B, Atalaye G, Diress E, et al. Practice towards rational drug use at Finotselam and Asirade Zewudie hospitals based on WHO core drug use indicators, Northwest Ethiopia. The Scientific World Journal. 2020;2020:1634294. https://doi. org/10.1155/2020/1634294
3. Lu Y, Hernandez P, Abegunde D, et al. The world medicines situation 2011 2011 [cited 2022 October 20]. Available from: http:// apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18767en/s18767en.pdf
4. World Health Organization. The world medicines situation: World Health Organization; 2004 [cited 2022 April 4]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/68735/WHO_EDM_PAR_2004.5.pdf
5. Health Administration Devision Ministry of Public Health. Rational drug use community: RDU community 2020 [cited 2022 April 3]. Available from: https://r8way.moph.go.th/r8wayadmin/page/uploads_file/20201130055026.pdf
6. Yalman F, Tosun N. Determıning the effect of health literacy on healthy life style and rational drug use by path analysis. Turkish Journal of Science and Health. 2021;2(3):78-86.
7. Mousavi S, Mansouri A, Ahmadvand A. A bibliometric study of publication patterns in rational use of medicines in Iran. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2013;11(1):38-43. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1886-36552013000100007
8. Food and Drug Administration (Thailand). People purpose and passion: The pathway to success for RDU country 2020 [cited 2022 February 26]. Available from: https://pmac2020.com/site/sidemeeting/schedule/30
9. World Health Organization. The Kingdom of Thailand health system review 2015 [cited 2022 February 26]. Available from:
https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1246951/retrieve
10. Pitaknitinun K, Lawanprasert Y, Vimolkittipong S. Thailand’s Legal Framework Concerning Drugs. Journal of Health Science. 2020; 29(Special issue):S15-S30.
11. Jitruknatee A, Martro J, Tosanguan K,et al. National Drug Policies in Thailand:Evolution and Lessons for the Future Journal of Health Science. 2020; 29(Special issue):S3-S14.
12. Nottidge TE, Nottidge BA, Ekrikpo UE. Prevalence and predictors of low back pain in a Southern Nigerian hospital. Ann Afr Med. 2019; 18(3):167-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_59_18
13. Porter SR, Umbach PD. Student survey response rates across institutions: Why do they vary? Research in Higher Education. 2006; 47(2):229-47.
14. Chanakit T, Low BY, Wongpoowarak P, et al. Does a transition in education equate to a transition in practice? Thai stakeholder’s perceptions of the introduction of the Doctor of Pharmacy programme. BMC Medical Education. 2015;15(1). https://doi. org/10.1186/s12909-015-0473-4
15. Obiri-Yeboah D, Amoako-Sakyi D, Baidoo I, et al. The ‘fears’ of disclosing HIV status to sexual partners: a mixed methods study in a counseling setting in Ghana. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(1):126-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1022-1
16. Health Administration Devision Ministry of Public Health. Rational drug use literacy survey 2020 [cited 2022 March 11]. Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cMZKfGiyYeMNwhXSrIKpkNTH01zFFVtH/view
17. Phodha T, Maluangnon K, Karnjanarat P,et al. Development of tool and measurement of rational drug use literacy of Thai people 2021 [cited 2022 July 2]. Available from: https://kb.hsri.or.th/dspace/handle/11228/1?locale-attribute=th
18. Azraii AB, Ramli AS, Ismail Z, et al. Validity and reliability of an adapted questionnaire measuring knowledge, awareness and practice regarding familial hypercholesterolaemia among primary care physicians in Malaysia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1).
a. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01845-y
19. Jarernsiripornkul N, Nakboon S, Anarj K, et al. Survey of healthcare professionals’ practices, expectations, and attitudes towards provision of patient information leaflets in Thailand. Int J Clin Pharm. 2020;42(2):539-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11096-020-00965-x
20. Kamacooko O, Kitonsa J, Bahemuka UM, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Uganda: A cross-sectional survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):7004. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18137004
21. Seid MA, Hussen MS. Knowledge and attitude towards antimicrobial resistance among final year undergraduate paramedical students at University of Gondar, Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2018;18(1):312. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3199-1
22. Khan S, Kambris MEK, Alfalahi H. Perspectives of university students and faculty on remote education experiences during COVID-19- a qualitative study. Educ Inf Technol (Dordr). 2021;1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10784-w
23. DeJonckheere M, Vaughn LM. Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health. 2019;7(2):e000057. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000057
24. Mekonnen BD, Ayalew MZ, Tegegn AA. Rational drug use evaluation based on World Health Organization core drug use indicators in Ethiopia: A systematic review. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2021;13:159-70. https://doi.org/10.2147/dhps.s311926
25. Chauhan I, Yasir M, Kumari M, et al. The pursuit of rational drug use: understanding factors and interventions. Pharmaspire. 2018;10(2):48-54.
26. Desselle SP, Clubbs BH, Darbishire P. Communication in pharmacy higher education to improve work-life and mitigate burnout. Am J Pharm Educ. 2022;86(2):ajpe8616. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8616
27. Nozmi N, Samsudin S, Sukeri S, et al. Low levels of knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices on leptospirosis among a rural community in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(4):693. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph15040693
28. Aheto JMK, Udofia EA, Kallson E, et al. Prevalence, socio-demographic and environmental determinants of asthma in 4621 Ghanaian adults: Evidence from Wave 2 of the World Health Organization’s study on global AGEing and adult health. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(12):e0243642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243642
29. Durand C, Chappuis A, Douriez E, et al. Perceptions, current practices, and interventions of community pharmacists regarding antimicrobial stewardship: A qualitative study. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2022.02.003
30. Rababah JA, Al-Hammouri MM, Drew BL,et al. Health literacy: exploring disparities among college students. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1401. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7781-2
31. Kühn L, Bachert P, Hildebrand C, et al. Health literacy among university students: A systematic review of cross-sectional studies. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.680999
32. Nygård T, Hirvonen N, Räisänen S,et al. Health Education Teachers’ Contributions to Students’ Multiliteracy Learning. Literacy Research and Instruction. 2022; 61(4):402-21.
33. Nutbeam D. The evolving concept of health literacy. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(12):2072-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2008.09.050
34. Budhathoki SS, Pokharel PK, Jha N, et al. Health literacy of future healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional study among health sciences students in Nepal. International Health. 2018;11(1):15-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihy090
35. Ngoh LN. Health literacy: A barrier to pharmacist–patient communication and medication adherence. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2009;49(5):e132-e49. https://doi.org/10.1331/japha.2009.07075
36. Smith C, Goss HR, Issartel J, et al. Health literacy in schools? A systematic review of health-related interventions aimed at disadvantaged adolescents. Children (Basel). 2021;8(3):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8030176
37. Health Administration Devision MoPH. Rational drug use community: RDU community 2020 [cited 2022 3 April]. Available from: https://r8way.moph.go.th/r8wayadmin/page/uploads_file/20201130055026.pdf
38. Hahnel C, Eichmann B, Goldhammer F. Evaluation of online information in university students: development and scaling of the screening instrument EVON. Front Psychol. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562128
39. Rowley J, Johnson F, Sbaffi L. Students’ trust judgements in online health information seeking. Health Informatics J. 2015;21(4):316-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1460458214546772
40. Moore TJ, Mouslim MC, Blunt JL, et al. Assessment of availability, clinical testing, and US Food and Drug Administration review of biosimilar biologic products. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(1):52-60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3997
41. Republic of the Phillippines DoH, Food and Drug Administration,. FDA Advisory No.2020-1142-A || Lifting the Advisory of the following Registered Food Products “Public Health Warning Against the Purchase and Consumption of the Unregistered Food Products” 2022 [cited 2022 16 March]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov.ph/fda-advisory-no-2021-1142-a-lifting-the- advisory-of-the-following-registered-food-products-public-health-warning-against-the-purchase-and-consumption-of-the- unregistered-food-products/
42. Bajait C, Pimpalkhute S, Sontakke S, et al. Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of rational use of medicines among clinicians in a tertiary care teaching hospital. International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Disease abbreviation. 2014;4(3):153-7.
43. Chaudhari VL, Mali SN, Dawari AV, et al. Awareness about rational use of medicines among fresh Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery graduates. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_59_17
44. Cisco J. A Case Study of University Honors Students in Humanities Through a Disciplinary Literacy Lens. Literacy Research and Instruction. 2016;55(1):1-23.
45. Yin C, He X, Shen K, et al. Knowledge and behavior in rational drug use among college students in Zunyi city. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2022;15:121-31. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s347822
46. Turner K, Suwannapong K, Putthikhan P, et al. Evaluation of the integrated model of the rational drug use into the Bachelor of Nursing Science program in Thailand: A mixed-methods study. Belitung Nursing Journal. 2021;7(6):485-92. https://doi. org/10.33546/bnj.1762
47. Pumtong S, Suwannaprom P, Suttajit S, et al. Irrational antibiotic use and distribution in the Thai community: a complex situation in need of integrative solution. Journal of Health Science. 2020;29(Special Issue):S72-S81.
48. Donsamak S, Weiss MC, John DN. Evaluation of antibiotic supply decisions by community pharmacists in Thailand: A vignette study. Antibiotics. 2021;10(2):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020154
49. Wisell K, Sporrong SK. The Raison D’être for the community pharmacy and the community pharmacist in Sweden: A qualitative interview study. Pharmacy (Basel). 2015;4(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4010003
50. Närhi U. Sources of medicine information and their reliability evaluated by medicine users. Pharm World Sci. 2007;29(6):688- 94.
51. Malik M, Tahir MJ, Jabbar R, et al. Self-medication during Covid-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities. Drugs Ther Perspect. 2020;36(12):565-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00785-z
52. Yang Y. Use of herbal drugs to treat COVID-19 should be with caution. Lancet. 2020;395(10238):1689-90. https://doi. org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31143-0
53. Erku DA, Belachew SA, Abrha S, et al. When fear and misinformation go viral: Pharmacists’ role in deterring medication misinformation during the ‘infodemic’ surrounding COVID-19. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021;17(1):1954-63. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.032
54. Santos P, Sá L, Couto L, et al. Sources of information in health education: A cross-sectional study in Portuguese university students. Australasian Medical Journal. 2018;11.
55. Nunes C, Almeida CVd, Belim C. Health Literacy in Younger Age Groups: Health Care Perceptions: Informed People Will Be More Prepared People. Open Access Library Journal. 2020;7:1-14.
56. World Health Organization. Promoting rational use of medicines 2022 [cited 2022 March 16]. Available from: https://www. who.int/activities/promoting-rational-use-of-medicines
57. Rasool BKA, Fahmy SA, Abu-Gharbieh EF,et al. Professional practices and perception towards rational use of medicines according to WHO methodology in United Arab Emirates. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2010;8(1):70-6. https://doi.org/10.4321/ s1886-36552010000100009
58. Devraj R, Gupchup GV. Knowledge of and barriers to health literacy in Illinois. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2012;52(6):e183-e93. https://doi.org/10.1331/japha.2012.12011
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Jan 4, 2024
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Evaluation of The Rational Drug Use (RDU) Literacy Among Undergraduate Students. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2024 Jan. 4 [cited 2024 May 13];21(4):1-11. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2867
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