Hepatitis B virus infection, structure, genotypes, and epidemiology - A review HBV infection
Main Article Content
Keywords
Hepatitis b virus, Replication, Sub genotypes, Chronic hepatitis, HBV vaccine
Abstract
There are currently 250 million people infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide, despite the availability of a prophylactic vaccine for many years and the use of efficient and well-tolerated viral suppressive drugs since 1998. In this review, I go through the most recent developments in the structure, and epidemiology and biology of the virus, look at changes in the way the disease is currently being treated, and investigate novel, cutting-edge treatments that are being developed for the treatment of HBV infection. Genotypes and serological subtypes have a strong and statistically significant association, and in some circumstances, serological subtypes can be utilized to distinguish between sub genotypes. geographic distribution of certain genotypes and subgenotypes varies and plays a crucial role in the clinical manifestation of infection as well as the response to antiviral medication. Thanks to advancements in genetics, the prospect for vaccinations, and tailored management to target the integration of virus with host. HBV persistence occurs due to covalently closed circular DNA can rarely be removed by current pharmacological therapies. Alternative treatment approaches, such as those built on silencing of viral. According to reports, HBV DNA levels can be inhibited and conversion of HBeAg to antibody to HBe Ag can be induced by antiviral medication like nucleotide analog (NUC), which can prevent liver-related death. Additionally, there is a critical need for the creation of global archives of standardized HBV reagents and protocols that can be accessible by all HBV researchers. The plan for HBV cure research presented in this position paper will make a significant contribution to the objective of eradicating HBV infection globally.
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7. Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan. Lancet. 1981;2:11291133.
8. Fujiwara K, Yokosuka O, Ehata T, et al. The two different states of hepatitis B virus DNA in asymptomatic carriers: Beantigenpositive versus antiHBepositive asymptomatic carriers. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43:368376.
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14. Tripathi N, Mousa OY. Hepatitis B 2020. StatPearls, Treasure Island; 2020. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82772
15. Datta S, Chatterjee S, Veer V, et al. Molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus for clinicians. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2012;2(4):353-365.
16. Lai CL, Ratziu V, Yuen MF, et al. Viral hepatitis B. Lancet. 2003;362(9401):2089-2094.
17. Bartenschlager R, Schaller H. The amino-terminal domain of the hepadnaviral P-gene encodes the terminal protein (genome-linked protein) believed to prime reverse transcription. Embo J. 1988;7(13):4185-4192. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.
tb03315.x
18. Seeger C, Mason WS. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2018;64(1):51-68. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351074759-1
19. Yang HC, Kao JH. Persistence of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in hepatocytes: molecular mechanisms and clinical significance. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2000;3(9):e64-139. https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2014.64
20. Gerlich WH. Medical virology of hepatitis B: how it began and where we are now. Virol J. 2013;10(1):239. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422x-10-239
21. Taylor JM. Structure and replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;307:1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-35103-5_3
22. Pourkarim MR, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Lemey P, et al. Are hepatitis B virus ‘subgenotypes’ defined accurately? J Clin Virol. 2010;47(4):356-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2010.01.015
23. Pourkarim MR, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Lemey P, et al. HBV subgenotype misclassification expands quasi-subgenotype A3. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(6):947-949. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03374.x
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26. Yousif M, Kramvis A. Genotype D of hepatitis B virus and its subgenotypes: an update. Hepatol Res. 2013;43(4):355-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034x.2012.01090.x
27. Andernach IE, Hunewald OE, Muller CP. Bayesian inference of the evolution of HBV/E. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e81690. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081690
28. Kramvis A, Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res. 2007;37(1):S9-S19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00098.x
29. Panduro A, Maldonado-Gonzalez M, Fierro NA, et al. Distribution of HBV genotypes F and H in Mexico and Central America. Antivir Ther. 2013;18(3):475-484. https://doi.org/10.3851/imp2605
30. Olinger CM, Jutavijittum P, Hubschen JM, et al. Possible new hepatitis B virus genotype, southeast Asia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(11):1777-1780. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1411.080437
31. Tatematsu K, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, et al. A genetic variant of hepatitis B virus divergent from known human and ape genotypes isolated from a Japanese patient and provisionally assigned to new genotype J. J Virol. 2009;83(20):10538-10547. https://doi.
org/10.1128/jvi.00462-09
32. Margolis HS, Alter MJ, Hadler SC. Hepatitis B: evolving epidemiology and implications for control. Semin Liver Dis. 1991;11(2):84-92. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1040427
33. Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(10003):1546-1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/
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36. Easley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, et al. Incidence of hepatitis B virus infections in preschool children in Taiwan. J Infect Dis. 1982;146(2):198-204. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/146.2.198
37. Lin CL, Kao JH, Chen BF, et al. Application of hepatitis B virus genotyping and phylogenetic analysis in intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41(11):1576. https://doi.org/10.1086/497837
38. Ahmed MM, Huang TH, Xie QD. A sensitive and rapid assay for investigating vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus via male germ line using EGFP Vector as reporter. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2008;2008:495436. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/495436
39. Ahmed MM, Huang TH, Xie QD. An improved experimental model for studying vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus via human spermatozoa. J Virol Methods. 2008;151(1):116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.03.014
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Hepatitis B virus infection, structure, genotypes, and epidemiology - A review: HBV infection . Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2023 Sep. 27 [cited 2024 Oct. 7];21(3):1-9. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2856
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Hepatitis B virus infection, structure, genotypes, and epidemiology - A review: HBV infection . Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2023 Sep. 27 [cited 2024 Oct. 7];21(3):1-9. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2856