Depression, anxiety and stress after COVID-19 vaccination: A retrospective cross-sectional study among health care providers
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19, Vaccine, Stress, Anxiety , Depression, Health care providers
Abstract
Background: Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is a health concern that produced considerable psychological and physical health challenges to Health care providers (HCPs) internationally. Aims: This study aims to determine the level of depression, anxiety, and stress after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine among HCPs in Iraq. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used in this study. The participants involved were 700 Iraqi HCPs who received one or two doses from COVID-19 vaccines. The questionnaire was designed and brought to them electronically using Google form and distributed by social media. Then mental health status was measured using a specific depression, anxiety and stress scale named DASS-21. Each domain of the DASS scale was calculated for each subject and DASS-21 scores were compared between different demographic groups. Results: Females represented a large percentage of participants (80%). The majority of participants had a normal level of DASS-21 after receiving the vaccine. Higher scores were obtained among graduated young age groups also among individuals who have side effects associated with the vaccine. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that assesses mental health after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine in the middle east. The study concluded that HCPs have low DASS-21 scores and this gives us promising results for the use of the COVID-19 vaccine in future.
References
2. Szmyd B, Karuga FF, Bartoszek A, et al. Attitude and Behaviors towards SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination among Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study from Poland. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(3):218. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030218
3. Das R, Hasan MR, Daria S, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among general Bangladeshi population: a cross sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(4):e045727. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045727
4. World Health Organisation. Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. World Health Organisation (WHO);2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draftlandscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines. Accessed June 17, 2021.
5. Oliver SE, Gargano JW, Scobie H, et al. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, February 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(9):329-332. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7009e4
6. Coping with COVID-19 Vaccine Stress https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/dphs/cdcs/covid19/documents/coping-covid-vaccine-stress.pdf
7. El-Shitany NA, Harakeh S, Badr-Eldin SM, et al. Minor to Moderate Side Effects of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Among
Saudi Residents: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:1389-1401. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijgm. s310497
8. Alhazmi A, Alamer E, Daws D, et al. Evaluation of side effects associated with covid‐19 vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines.2021;9(6):1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060674
9. Yahya MQ, Hamed ZS, Kasim SM. A comprehensive review of a race of vaccination against COVID - 19 virus : the recent vaccines. GJPHM. 2021;3(2):447-456. https://doi.org/10.37557/gjphm.v3i2.99
10. Saeed BQ, Al-Shahrabi R, Alhaj SS, et al. Side effects and perceptions following Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccination. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;111:219-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.013
11. El-Elimat T, AbuAlSamen MM, Almomani BA, et al. Acceptance and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines: A cross-sectionalstudy from Jordan. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250555. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250555
12. Madison AA, Shrout MR, Renna ME, et al. Psychological and Behavioral Predictors of Vaccine Efficacy: Considerations for COVID-19. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2021;16(2):191-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621989243
13. Attash HM, Al-Obaidy LM, Al-Qazaz HK. Which Type of the Promising COVID-19 Vaccines Produces Minimal Adverse Effects? A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2022;10(2):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020186
14. Wang C, Tee M, Roy AE, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of Asians: A study of seven middle-income countries in Asia. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246824
15. Sugihara G, Hirai N, Takei N, et al. COVID-19 vaccination and mental health in hospital workers. Brain and Behavior.2021;11(11):e2382. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2382
16. Chen S, Aruldass AR, Cardinal RN. Mental health outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the United States: A national crosssectional study. J Affect Disord. 2022;298(Pt A):396-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.134
17. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
18. Moussa MT, Lovibond P, Laube R, et al. Psychometric properties of an arabic version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS). J Soc Work Prac. 2017;27(3):375-386.
19. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki, Ethical Principles for Scientific Requirements and Research Protocols. Bull World Health Organ. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medicalresearch-involving-human-subjects
20. Almufty HB, Mohammed SA, Abdullah AM, et al. Potential adverse effects of COVID19 vaccines among Iraqi population; a comparison between the three available vaccines in Iraq; a retrospective cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin ResRev. 2021;15(5):102207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102207
21. Abuzied Y, Al-Amer R, Somduth S, et al. Psychological Responses Among Healthcare Workers Providing Care for Patients with COVID-19: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Survey in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. JQSH. 2021. https://doi.org/10.36401/JQSH-21-1
22. Al-Jumaili AA, Hussain SA, Sorofman B. Pharmacy in Iraq: history, current status, and future directions. Am J Health Syst Pharm.2013;70(4):368-372. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp120415
23. Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381
24. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
25. Bai W, Cai H, Liu S, et al. Attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines in Chinese college students. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(6):1469-1475.https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.58835
26. Repon MAU, Pakhe SA, Quaiyum S, et al. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among Bangladeshi healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study. Sci Prog. 2021;104(2):368504211026409. https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504211026409
27. Roma P, Monaro M, Colasanti M, et al. A 2-Month Follow-Up Study of Psychological Distress among Italian People during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):8180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218180
28. Hatmal MM, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Olaimat AN, et al. Side Effects and Perceptions Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Jordan: A Randomized, Cross-Sectional Study Implementing Machine Learning for Predicting Severity of Side Effects. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(6):556. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060556
29. Pandey K, Thurman M, Johnson SD, et al. Mental Health Issues During and After COVID-19 Vaccine Era. Brain Res Bull.2021;176:161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.08.012
30. Arshad MS, Hussain I, Nafees M, et al. Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers in ThreeMetropolitan Cities of Pakistan. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020;13:1047-1055. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S282069
31. Wu J, Cai J, Fang M, et al. Young hospital pharmacists’ job stress and career prospects amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in China.J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021;14(1):66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-021-00355-2