Development of pharmacy competency framework for the changing demands of Thailand’s pharmaceutical and health services
Main Article Content
Keywords
Education, Pharmacy, Curriculum, Academic Success, Pharmaceutical Services, Pharmacy, Pharmacies, Pharmacists, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Practice, Workforce, Health Services Accessibility, Qualitative Research, Thailand
Abstract
Background: In Thailand, pharmacists are responsible for all activities to ensure access to medicines throughout pharmaceutical supply chain. Competency framework (CF) is an important guidance for professional development and workforce planning.
Objective: This study aimed to explore needs for pharmacy services in pharmaceutical supply chain and competencies of pharmacists to serve those needs. It was the first step for developing evidence-based pharmacy CF within the context of Thailand in 2026.
Methods: A qualitative method using in-depth interviews to gain rich data from practitioners and leaders in all area of practices. 99 key informants from 56 workplaces in Thailand were interviewed during January and March 2016. Data was transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was used. Competencies were extracted, followed by several rounds of group discussion among team members to develop an initial framework. The competencies and CF were presented, and recommendations were gained from professional leaders for refining the findings.
Results: The key informants agreed that pharmacist’s works and responsibilities have gradually been drifted to support changes in healthcare and pharmaceutical systems. The upcoming pharmaceutical services call for higher standards of practice, larger number of personnel, and skillful pharmacists who have strong foundation in pharmaceutical knowledge as well as an ability to integrate knowledge into practices. Two sets of CFs were established. The general CF comprises five core domains: product focus, patient focus, healthcare system focus, community focus, and personal focus for self-improvement. These general competencies allow practitioners to perform basic professional tasks, including providing information, dispensing, and compounding. The service-specific competency is the integration of general competencies tailored into specific area of practice.
Conclusions: Regarding the professional goal to evolve pharmacists from generalists to specialists for providing higher quality of professional services, the pharmacists are required to demonstrate general competencies and service-specific competencies. The findings serve as the need-based evidence for developing a national CF for pharmacists in Thailand.
References
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36. Mucalo I, Hadžiabdić MO, Govorčinović T, Šarić M, Bruno A, Bates I. The Development of the Croatian Competency Framework for Pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ. 2016;80(8):134. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe808134
37. Stojkov S, Tadić I, Crnjanski T, Krajnović D. Assessment and self-assessment of the pharmacists' competencies using the global competency framework (GbCF) in Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2016;73(9):803-810. https://doi.org/10.2298/vsp140728040s
38. Al-Haqan A, Smith F, Bader L, Bates I. Competency development for pharmacy: Adopting and adapting the Global Competency Framework. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;[ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.023
39. Pollard D, Harrison C, Dodgson S, Holland M, Khair K. The UK haemophilia specialist nurse: Competencies fit for practice in the 21st century. Haemophilia. 2020;26(4):622-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/hae.14002
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41. DiPiro JT. Preparing for the next generation pharmacists. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(2):1988. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1988
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43. Royal Thai Government Gazette. Primary Health System Act. Government Gazette; 136(56 A):165-185.
44. Anderson C, Sharma R. Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in England. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(1):1870. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1870
45. Westerlund T, Marklund B. Community pharmacy and primary health care in Sweden - at a crossroads. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(2):1927. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1927
46. Dineen-Griffin S, Benrimoj SI, Garcia-Cardenas V. Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Australia. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(2):1967. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1967
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49. Czabanowska K, Klemenc-Ketis Z, Potter A, Rochfort A, Tomasik T, Csiszar J, Van den Bussche P. Development of a competency framework for quality improvement in family medicine: a qualitative study. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2012;32(3):174-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/chp.21142
50. Ministry of Health Singapore. Competency standards for pharmacists in advanced practice. Available at: https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/forms-publications/competency-standards-for-pharmacists-in-advanced-practice-2017-(web-version).pdf (accessed Aug 24, 2020)
51. Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. National competency standards framework for pharmacists in Australia. Available at: https://www.psa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/National-Competency-Standards-Framework-for-Pharmacists-in-Australia-2016-PDF-2mb.pdf (accessed Aug 24, 2020)
52. Pharmacy Council of New Zealand. Competence standards for the pharmacy profession. Available at: https://www.pharmacycouncil.org.nz/dnn_uploads/Documents/standardsguidelines/CompStds2015Web.pdf (accessed Aug 24, 2020)
53. Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association. 2016 Pharmacist competency framework & Domain-specific frame of reference for the Netherlands. Available at: https://www.knmp.nl/downloads/pharmacist-competency-frameworkandDSFR-Netherlands.pdf (accessed Aug 24, 2020)
54. McLaughlin JE, Bush AA, Rodgers PT, Scott MA, Zomorodi M, Pinelli NR, Roth MT. Exploring the requisite skills and competencies of pharmacists needed for success in an evolving health care environment. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017;81(6):116. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe816116
55. Elmaaty MA, Elberry AA, Hussein RR, Khalil DM, Khalifa AE. Applicability of American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) competencies to clinical pharmacy practice in Egypt. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(3):1951. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.1951
56. Noble C, Coombes I, Shaw PN, Nissen LM, Clavarino A. Becoming a pharmacist: the role of curriculum in professional identity formation. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2014;12(1):380. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1886-36552014000100007
2. International Pharmaceutical Federation. Nanjing Statements. Statements on pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences education. The Hague: FIP; 2017.
3. International Pharmaceutical Federation. Pharmaceutical workforce development goals. The Hague: FIP; 2016.
4. International Pharmaceutical Federation. Pharmacy Education Taskforce-a global competency framework version 1. The Hague: FIP; 2012.
5. Mills JA, Middleton JW, Schafer A, Fitzpatrick S, Short S, Cieza A. Proposing a re-conceptualisation of competency framework terminology for health: a scoping review. Hum Resour Health. 2020;18(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0443-8
6. Katoue MG, Schwinghammer TL. Chapter 12 Competency-based pharmacy education: an educational paradigm for the pharmacy profession to meet society's healthcare needs. In: Fathelrahman AI, Ibrahim MIM, Alrasheedy AA, Wertheimer AI, eds. Pharmacy education in the twenty first century and beyond: Global achievements and challeges. London: Elsevier; 2018.
7. Mills ER. Developing and evaluating a competency framework for pharmacists working in primary care. University of London, School of Pharmacy, 2007.
8. International Pharmaceutical Federation. The FIP Development Goals: Tranforming global pharmacy. The Hague: FIP; 2020.
9. International Pharmaceutical Federation. Workforce development and education: systems, tools and navigation. The Hague: FIP; 2016.
10. Tangcharoensathien V, Witthayapipopsakul W, Panichkriangkrai W, Patcharanarumol W, Mills A. Health systems development in Thailand: a solid platform for successful implementation of universal health coverage. Lancet. 2018;391(10126):1205-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30198-3
11. Sakulbumrungsil R, Kessomboon N, Udomaksorn K, Wanishayakorn T, Chaiyakarn K, Dualdaisri P. Forecasting pharmacist workforce demand by the year 2026. Bangkok:Pharmacy Council of Thailand;2016.
12. Bates I, John C, Bruno A, Fu P, Aliabadi S. An analysis of the global pharmacy workforce capacity. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14(1):61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-016-0158-z
13. Srisuphan V, Suwannaprom P, Suttajit S, Plodpai P, Prapaso N, Anuratpanich L, Kessomboon N. Health workforce in drug systems. In: Chokwiwat W, Tantivess S, Jamniandamrongkarn S, eds. Thai drug system 2020. Nonthaburi: Health System Research Institute; 2020.
14. Chaiyakunapruk N, Jones SM, Dhippayom T, Sumpradit N. Pharmacy practice in Thailand. In: Fathelrahman AI, Ibrahim MIM, Wertheimer AI, eds. Pharmacy practice in developing countries: achievements and challenges. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016.
15. Ploylearmsang C, Kanjanasilp J, Kessomboon N, Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P, Sripa S, Sittichotiwong R, Srimarueang T, Sonsri S, Kittiboonyakun Pattarin. Hospital pharmacy practice and the way forward for pharmacy education in Thailand. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2019;72(1):34-41. http://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v72i1.2866
16. Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P, Eakanunkul S. On account of manpower: pharmacy workforce in the complexity of healthcare systems. 2nd ed. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University; 2018.
17. Supapaan T, Low BY, Wongpoowarak P, Moolasarn S, Anderson C. A transition from the BPharm to the PharmD degree in five selected countries. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2019;17(3):1611. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2019.3.1611
18. Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Annoucement No. 18/2012 Professional core competency of Doctor of Pharmacy Program.
19. Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Annoucement No. 8/2011 Pharmacy competency standard in pharmaceutical care.
20. Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Annoucement No. 6/2014 Pharmacy competency standard in industrial pharmacy.
21. Pharmacy Council of Thailand. Pharmacy Council Annoucement No. 20/2015 Pharmacy competency standard in pharmaceutical and health consumer protection.
22. Maitreemit P, Pongcharoensuk P, Kapol N, Armstrong EP. Pharmacist perceptions of new competency standards. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2008;6(3):113-120. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1886-36552008000300001
23. Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P, Supapaan T, Eakanunkul S, Tangkiatkumjai M, Kongkaew C, Anderson C, Wongpoowarak P. Are we on the right track? Answers from a national survey of Thai graduates' perceptions during the transition to the 6-year PharmD program. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2018;9:713-722. https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s173014
24. Chanakit T, Low BY, Wongpoowarak P, Moolasarn S, Anderson C. Hospital pharmacists' perceptions of the suitability of doctor of pharmacy graduates in hospital settings in Thailand. BMC Med Educ. 2015;15:181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0471-6
25. The Healthcare Accreditation Institute. Hospital and healthcare standards 4th edition. Nonthaburi: The Healthcare Accreditation Institute; 2018.
26. Ministry of Public Health. Service plan 2018-2022. Nonthaburi: Office of the Permanent Secretary; 2016.
27. Royal Thai Government Gazette. Good Pharmacy Practice 2014. Government Gazette; 131(223 D):2-6. 2014.
28. Suwannaprom P, Suttajit S, Plodpai P, Prapaso N, Srisuphan V. Pharmacy workforce: a call for professional cohesion to meet the rising healthcare demand. J Health Sci. 2020;29(Spec):S141-152.
29. Nimkulrat S, Wangmethekul S, Powthong P. Current situation of the modern pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Thailand. J Health Sci. 2020;29(Spec):S129-S140.
30. Taychakhoonavudh S, Phoolcharoen W, Pesirikan N, Tawinwung S, Suppipat K, Luckanagul J, Suksomtip M, Ritthidej GC, Anantachoti P.The landscape of biologics drug system in Thailand. J Health Sci. 2020;29(Spec):S96-S111.
31. Noree T, Thanomwat Y, Phanthunane P, Gongkulawat K. Policy synthesis and policy recommendations for human resources planning for in the next decade of Thailand. Nonthaburi: HRDO; 2017.
32. Pagaiya N, Phanthunane P, Bamrung A, Noree T, Kongweerakul K. Forecasting imbalances of human resources for health in the Thailand health service system: application of a health demand method. Hum Resour Health. 2019;17(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-018-0336-2
33. Bruno-Tomé A, Hadžiabdić MO, Mucalo I, Rennie T. Competency (and Beyond): Think Patient. Collaborate. Develop. Evaluate. Improve. Repeat. Pharmacy (Basel). 2019;7(4):146. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7040146
34. Udoh A, Bruno A, Bates I. A survey of pharmacists' perception of foundation level competencies in African countries. Hum Resour Health. 2018;16(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-018-0280-1
35. Arakawa N, Yamamura S, Duggan C, Bates I. The development of a foundation-level pharmacy competency framework: An analysis of country-level applicability of the Global Competency Framework. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;16(3):396-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.06.007
36. Mucalo I, Hadžiabdić MO, Govorčinović T, Šarić M, Bruno A, Bates I. The Development of the Croatian Competency Framework for Pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ. 2016;80(8):134. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe808134
37. Stojkov S, Tadić I, Crnjanski T, Krajnović D. Assessment and self-assessment of the pharmacists' competencies using the global competency framework (GbCF) in Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2016;73(9):803-810. https://doi.org/10.2298/vsp140728040s
38. Al-Haqan A, Smith F, Bader L, Bates I. Competency development for pharmacy: Adopting and adapting the Global Competency Framework. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;[ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.023
39. Pollard D, Harrison C, Dodgson S, Holland M, Khair K. The UK haemophilia specialist nurse: Competencies fit for practice in the 21st century. Haemophilia. 2020;26(4):622-630. https://doi.org/10.1111/hae.14002
40. Forsyth P, Warren A, Thomson C, Bateman J, Greenwood E, Williams H, Khatib R, Hadland R, McGlynn S, Khan N, Duggan C, Beezer J; United Kingdom Clinical Pharmacy Association Heart Failure Group and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society.A competency framework for clinical pharmacists and heart failure. Int J Pharm Pract. 2019;27(5):424-435. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12465
41. DiPiro JT. Preparing for the next generation pharmacists. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(2):1988. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1988
42. Royal Thai Government Gazette. Annoucement of the National Health Security Office. Designate other health facilities as a service center according to the National Health Security Act. Government gazette 136(106 D):15.
43. Royal Thai Government Gazette. Primary Health System Act. Government Gazette; 136(56 A):165-185.
44. Anderson C, Sharma R. Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in England. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(1):1870. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1870
45. Westerlund T, Marklund B. Community pharmacy and primary health care in Sweden - at a crossroads. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(2):1927. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1927
46. Dineen-Griffin S, Benrimoj SI, Garcia-Cardenas V. Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Australia. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(2):1967. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1967
47. Hermansyah A, Wulandari L, Kristina SA, Meilianti S. Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Indonesia. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(3):2085. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.2085
48. Benrimoj SI, Fernandez-Llimos F. An international series on the integration of community pharmacy in primary health care. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(1):1878. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1878
49. Czabanowska K, Klemenc-Ketis Z, Potter A, Rochfort A, Tomasik T, Csiszar J, Van den Bussche P. Development of a competency framework for quality improvement in family medicine: a qualitative study. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2012;32(3):174-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/chp.21142
50. Ministry of Health Singapore. Competency standards for pharmacists in advanced practice. Available at: https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider3/forms-publications/competency-standards-for-pharmacists-in-advanced-practice-2017-(web-version).pdf (accessed Aug 24, 2020)
51. Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. National competency standards framework for pharmacists in Australia. Available at: https://www.psa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/National-Competency-Standards-Framework-for-Pharmacists-in-Australia-2016-PDF-2mb.pdf (accessed Aug 24, 2020)
52. Pharmacy Council of New Zealand. Competence standards for the pharmacy profession. Available at: https://www.pharmacycouncil.org.nz/dnn_uploads/Documents/standardsguidelines/CompStds2015Web.pdf (accessed Aug 24, 2020)
53. Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association. 2016 Pharmacist competency framework & Domain-specific frame of reference for the Netherlands. Available at: https://www.knmp.nl/downloads/pharmacist-competency-frameworkandDSFR-Netherlands.pdf (accessed Aug 24, 2020)
54. McLaughlin JE, Bush AA, Rodgers PT, Scott MA, Zomorodi M, Pinelli NR, Roth MT. Exploring the requisite skills and competencies of pharmacists needed for success in an evolving health care environment. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017;81(6):116. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe816116
55. Elmaaty MA, Elberry AA, Hussein RR, Khalil DM, Khalifa AE. Applicability of American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) competencies to clinical pharmacy practice in Egypt. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(3):1951. https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.1951
56. Noble C, Coombes I, Shaw PN, Nissen LM, Clavarino A. Becoming a pharmacist: the role of curriculum in professional identity formation. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2014;12(1):380. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1886-36552014000100007
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Development of pharmacy competency framework for the changing demands of Thailand’s pharmaceutical and health services. Pharm Pract (Granada) [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 4 [cited 2023 Dec. 6];18(4):2141. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2141
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